= i WIKIPEDIA [ Q Search Wikipedia search J 00 Create account Login +»<br>E-commerce Zn 68 languages v<br>Contents hide - Article Talk Read View source View history Tools v<br>(Top) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia a<br>Defiing &amp; commerce E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling<br>Forms E-commerce<br>products on online services or over the Internet. E-commerce draws on technologies<br>mn such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet o<br>% Goi hents marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory Digital content<br>management systems, and automated data collection systems. E-commerce is the Ebook - SoftwareLlSiri - Streaming media<br>china largest sector of the electronics industry and is in tum driven by the technological Retail goods and services<br>Europe advances of the semiconductor industry. Advertising - Auctions - Banking - DVD-by-mail<br>Arab states - Distribution - Food ordering - Grocery -<br>ps . Marketplace - Pharmacy - Ride-hailing - Travel<br>Defining e-commerce Online shopping<br>Brazil ee Comparison shopping - Social commerce +<br>Logistics The term was coined and first employed by Robert Jacobson, Principal Consultant to EEE GE<br>© impacts the California State Assembly's Utilities &amp; Commerce Committee, in the title and text of CDE<br>Ee — California's Electronic Commerce Act, carried by the late Committee Chairwoman Gwen Payment - Ticketing<br>and retailers Moore (D-LA.) and enacted in 1984. Customer service<br>Impact on supply Call centre - Help desk - Live support software<br>chain management E-commerce typically uses the web for at least a part of a transaction’s life cycle £ procurement<br>Impact on although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. Typical e-commerce Breer)<br>transactions include the purchase of products (such as books from Amazon) or services Super-apps<br>(such as music downloads in the form of digital distribution such as the iTunes Store) ["] VTE<br>There are three areas of e-commerce: online retailing, electronic markets, and online<br>auctions. E-commerce is supported by electronic business [2] The existence value of e-commerce is to allow consumers to shop<br>online and pay online through the Internet, saving the time and space of customers and enterprises, greatly improving transaction<br>efficiency, especially for busy office workers, and also saving a lot of valuable time [3<br>E-commerce businesses may also employ some or all of the following<br>« Online shopping for retail sales direct to consumers via web sites and mobile apps, conversational commerce via live chat<br>chatbots, and voice assistants. “]<br>« Providing or participating in online marketplaces, which process third-party business-to-consumer (B2C) or consumer-to-consumer<br>(C20) sales;<br>« Business-to-business (B28) buying and selling %!<br>+ Gathering and using demographic data through web contacts and social media<br>« B2B electronic data interchange<br>« Marketing to prospective and established customers by e-mail or fax (for example, with newsletters)<br>« Engaging in pretail for launching new products and services<br>« Online financial exchanges for currency exchanges or trading purposes<br>There are five essential categories of E-commerce: [6]<br>« Business to Business<br>« Business to Consumer<br>« Business to Government<br>+ Consumer to Business<br>+ Consumer to Consumer<br>Forms<br>Contemporary electronic commerce can be classified into two categories. The first category is business based on types of goods sold<br>(involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to<br>"meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce). The second category is based on the nature of the participant (B28,<br>B2C, C2B and C2C)[]<br>On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic<br>and international business. Data integrity and security are pressing issues for electronic commerce.<br>Aside from traditional e-commerce, the terms m-Commerce (mobile commerce) as well (around 2013) t-Commercel®! have also been<br>used<br>Governmental regulation<br>In the United States, California's Electronic Commerce Act (1984), enacted by the Legislature, the more recent California Privacy<br>Rights Act (2020), enacted through a popular election proposition and to control specifically how electronic commerce may be<br>conducted in California. In the US in its entirety, electronic commerce activities are regulated more broadly by the Federal Trade<br>Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM<br>Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of<br>advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive [¥! Using its authority under<br>Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the<br>promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers’ personal information ['%! As a result,<br>any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC.<br>The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled<br>Substances Act to address online pharmacies [1"]<br>Conflict of laws in cyberspace is a major hurdle for harmonization of legal framework for e-commerce around the world. In order to<br>give a uniformity to e-commerce law around the world, many countries adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce<br>(1996) 112]<br>Internationally there is the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN), which was formed in 1991 from an<br>informal network of government customer fair trade organisations. The purpose was stated as being to find ways of co-operating on<br>tackling consumer problems connected with cross-border transactions in both goods and services, and to help ensure exchanges of<br>information among the participants for mutual benefit and understanding. From this came Econsumer.gov, an ICPEN initiative since<br>April 2001. Itis a portal to report complaints about online and related transactions with foreign companies<br>There is also Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. APEC was established in 1989 with the vision of achieving stability, security and<br>prosperity for the region through free and open trade and investment. APEC has an Electronic Commerce Steering Group as well as<br>working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region<br>In Australia, trade is covered under Australian Treasury Guidelines for electronic commerce and the Australian Competition &amp;<br>Consumer Commission[1®! regulates and offers advice on how to deal with businesses online [14] and offers specific advice on what<br>happens if things go wrong [1°]<br>The European Union undertook an extensive enquiry into e-commerce in 2015-16 which observed significant growth in the<br>development of e-commerce, along with some developments which raised concerns, such as increased use of selective distribution<br>systems, which allow manufacturers to control routes to market, and "increased use of contractual restrictions to better control product<br>distribution”. The European Commission felt that some emerging practices might be justified if they could improve the quality of<br>product distribution, but "others may unduly prevent consumers from benefiting from greater product choice and lower prices in e-<br>commerce and therefore warrant Commission action” in order to promote compliance with EU competition rules [16]<br>In the United Kingdom, the Financial Services Authority (FSA)'7] was formerly the regulating authority for most aspects of the EU's<br>Payment Services Directive (PSD), until its replacement in 2013 by the Prudential Regulation Authority and the Financial Conduct<br>Authority. [18 The UK implemented the PSD through the Payment Services Regulations 2009 (PSRs), which came into effect on 1<br>November 2009. The PSR affects firms providing payment services and their customers. These firms include banks, non-bank credit<br>card issuers and non-bank merchant acquirers, e-money issuers, etc. The PSRs created a new class of regulated firms known as<br>payment institutions (PIs), who are subject to prudential requirements. Article 87 of the PSD requires the European Commission to<br>report on the implementation and impact of the PSD by 1 November 2012.19]<br>In India, the Information Technology Act 2000 governs the basic applicability of e-commerce.<br>In China, the Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China (promulgated on 25 September 2000), stipulated the<br>Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIT) as the government department regulating all telecommunications related<br>activities, including electronic commerce 2] On the same day, the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services were<br>released, the first administrative regulations to address profit-generating activities conducted through the Internet, and lay the<br>foundation for future regulations governing e-commerce in China [2'! On 28 August 2004, the eleventh session of the tenth NPC<br>Standing Committee adopted an Electronic Signature Law, which regulates data message, electronic signature authentication and<br>legal liability issues. It is considered the first law in China's e-commerce legislation. It was a milestone in the course of improving<br>China's electronic commerce legislation, and also marks the entering of China's rapid development stage for electronic commerce<br>legislation [22]<br>Global trends<br>E-commerce has become an important tool for small and large businesses worldwide, not only to sell to customers, but also to<br>engage them. [2124]<br>Cross-border e-Commerce is also an essential field for e-Commerce businesses. It has responded to the trend of globalization. It<br>shows that numerous firms have opened up new businesses, expanded new markets, and overcome trade barriers; more and more<br>enterprises have started exploring the cross-border cooperation field. In addition, compared with traditional cross-border trade, the<br>information on cross-border e-commerce is more concealed. In the era of globalization, cross-border e-commerce for inter-firm<br>companies means the activities, interactions, or social relations of two or more e-commerce enterprises. However, the success of<br>cross-border e-commerce promotes the development of small and medium-sized firms, and it has finally become a new transaction<br>mode. It has helped the companies solve financial problems and realize the reasonable allocation of resources field. SMEs ( small<br>and medium enterprises) can also precisely match the demand and supply in the market, having the industrial chain majorization and<br>creating more revenues for companies 25]<br>In 2012, e-commerce sales topped $1 trillion for the first ime in history. [26]<br>Mobile devices are playing an increasing role in the mix of e-commerce, this is also commonly called mobile commerce, or m-<br>commerce. In 2014, one estimate saw purchases made on mobile devices making up 25% of the market by 2017 [27]<br>For traditional businesses, one research stated that information technology and cross-border e-commerce is a good opportunity for<br>the rapid development and growth of enterprises. Many companies have invested an enormous volume of investment in mobile<br>applications. The DeLone and McLean Model stated that three perspectives contribute to a successful e-business: information system<br>quality, service quality and users’ satisfaction [28] There is no limit of time and space, there are more opportunities to reach out to<br>customers around the world, and to cut down unnecessary intermediate links, thereby reducing the cost price, and can benefit from<br>one on one large customer data analysis, to achieve a high degree of personal customization strategic plan, in order to fully enhance<br>the core competitiveness of the products in the company. [21<br>Modern 3D graphics technologies, such as Facebook 3D Posts, are considered by some social media marketers and advertisers as a<br>preferable way to promote consumer goods than static photos, and some brands like Sony are already paving the way for augmented<br>reality commerce. Wayfair now lets you inspect a 3D version of its furniture in a home setting before buying [3%]<br>China<br>Main article: E-commerce in China<br>Among emerging economies, China's e-commerce presence continues to expand every year. With 663 million Internet users as of<br>2014, China's online shopping sales reached $253 billion in the first half of 2015, accounting for 10% of total Chinese consumer retail<br>sales in that period &gt;"! The Chinese retailers have been able to help consumers feel more comfortable shopping online 32 e-<br>commerce transactions between China and other countries increased 32% to 2.3 trillion yuan ($375.8 billion) in 2012 and accounted<br>for 9.6% of China's total international trade **) In 2013, Alibaba had an e-commerce market share of 80% in China. In 2014,<br>Alibaba still dominated the B28 marketplace in China with a market share of 44.82%, followed by several other companies including<br>Made-in-China.com at 3.21%, and GlobalSources.com at 2.98%, with the total transaction value of China's B2B market exceeding 4.5<br>billion yuan [25]<br>China is also the largest e-commerce market in the world by value of sales, with an estimated US$899 billion in 2016 1! It accounted<br>for 42.4% of worldwide retail e-commerce in that year, the most of any country [71110 Research shows that Chinese consumer<br>motivations are different enough from Western audiences to require unique e-commerce app designs instead of simply porting<br>Western apps into the Chinese market [38]<br>The expansion of e-commerce in China has resulted in the development of Taobao villages, clusters of e-commerce businesses<br>operating in rural areas [37/112 Because Taobao villages have increased the incomes or rural people and entrepreneurship in rural<br>China, Taobao villages have become a component of rural revitalization strategies [391278<br>In 2015, the State Council promoted the Internet Plus initiative, a five-year plan to integrate traditional manufacturing and service<br>industries with big data, cloud computing, and Internet of things technology [41-44 The State Council provided support for Internet Plus<br>through policy support in area including cross-border e-commerce and rural e-commerce [40:44<br>In 2019, the city of Hangzhou established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disputes related to<br>e-commerce and internet-related intellectual property claims [411-124<br>Europe<br>In 2010, the United Kingdom had the highest per capita e-commerce spending in the world.142] As of 2013, the Czech Republic was<br>the European country where e-commerce delivers the biggest contribution to the enterprises’ total revenue. Almost a quarter (24%) of<br>the country's total turnover is generated via the online channel [43]<br>Arab states<br>The rate of growth of the number of internet users in the Arab countries has been rapid — 13.1% in 2015. A significant portion of the e-<br>commerce market in the Middle East comprises people in the 30-34 year age group. Egypt has the largest number of internet users<br>in the region, followed by Saudi Arabia and Morocco; these constitute 3/4th of the region's share. Yet, internet penetration is low: 35%<br>in Egypt and 65% in Saudi Arabia [44]<br>The Gulf Cooperation Council countries have a rapidly growing market and are characterized by a population that becomes wealthier<br>(Yuldashev). As such, retailers have launched Arabic-language websites as a means to target this population. Secondly, there are<br>predictions of increased mobile purchases and an expanding internet audience (Yuldashev). The growth and development of the two<br>aspects make the GCC countries become larger players in the electronic commerce market with time progress. Specifically, research<br>shows that the e-commerce market is expected to grow to over $20 billion by 2020 among these GCC countries (Yuldashev). The e-<br>commerce market has also gained much popularity among western countries, and in particular Europe and the U.S. These countries<br>have been highly characterized by consumer-packaged goods (CPG) (Geisler, 34). However, trends show that there are future signs<br>of a reverse. Similar to the GCC countries, there has been increased purchase of goods and services in online channels rather than<br>offline channels. Activist investors are trying hard to consolidate and slash their overall cost and the governments in western countries<br>continue to impose more regulation on CPG manufacturers (Geisler, 36). In these senses, CPG investors are being forced to adapt to<br>e-commerce as itis effective as well as a means for them to thrive<br>The future trends in the GCC countries will be similar to that of the western countries. Despite the forces that push business to adapt<br>e-commerce as a means to sell goods and products, the manner in which customers make purchases is similar in countries from<br>these two regions. For instance, there has been an increased usage of smartphones which comes in conjunction with an increase in<br>the overall internet audience from the regions. Yuldashev writes that consumers are scaling up to more modern technology that allows<br>for mobile marketing. However, the percentage of smartphone and internet users who make online purchases is expected to vary in<br>the first few years. It will be independent on the willingness of the people to adopt this new trend (The Statistics Portal). For example,<br>UAE has the greatest smartphone penetration of 73.8 per cent and has 91.9 per cent of its population has access to the internet. On<br>the other hand, smartphone penetration in Europe has been reported to be at 64.7 per cent (The Statistics Portal). Regardless, the<br>disparity in percentage between these regions is expected to level out in future because e-commerce technology is expected to grow<br>to allow for more users<br>The e-commerce business within these two regions will result in competition. Government bodies at the country level will enhance<br>their measures and strategies to ensure sustainability and consumer protection (Krings, et al.). These increased measures will raise<br>the environmental and social standards in the countries, factors that will determine the success of the e-commerce market in these<br>countries. For example, an adoption of tough sanctions will make it difficult for companies to enter the e-commerce market while<br>lenient sanctions will allow ease of companies. As such, the future trends between GCC countries and the Western countries will be<br>independent of these sanctions (Krings, et al.). These countries need to make rational conclusions in coming up with effective<br>sanctions<br>India<br>Main article: E-commerce in India<br>India has an Internet user base of about 460 million as of December 2017 [4%] Despite being the third largest user base in the world,<br>the penetration of the Internet is low compared to markets like the United States, United Kingdom or France but is growing at a much<br>faster rate, adding around six million new entrants every month [cation needed] | India, cash on delivery is the most preferred payment<br>method, accumulating 75% of the e-retail activities [46l[ciation needed] The India retail market is expected to rise from 2.5% in 2016 to<br>5% in 2020147]<br>Brazil<br>In 2013, Brazil's e-commerce was growing quickly with retail e-commerce sales expected to grow at a double-digit pace through 2014.<br>By 2016, eMarketer expected retail e-commerce sales in Brazil to reach $17.3 billion [6]<br>Logistics<br>Logistics in e-commerce mainly concerns fulfilment. Online markets and retailers have to find the best possible way to fill orders and<br>deliver products. Small companies usually control their own logistic operation because they do not have the ability to hire an outside<br>company. Most large companies hire a fulfillment service that takes care of a company's logistic needs [4% The optimization of<br>logistics processes that contains long-term investment in an efficient storage infrastructure system and adoption of inventory<br>management strategies is crucial to prioritize customer satisfaction throughout the entire process, from order placement to final<br>delivery. [50]<br>Impacts<br>Impact on markets and retailers<br>wg 7 E-commerce markets are growing at noticeable rates. The online market is<br>gL expected to grow by 56% in 2015-2020. In 2017, retail e-commerce sales<br>x worldwide amounted to 2.3 trillion US dollars and e-retail revenues are projected to<br>| 5 grow to 4.891 trillion US dollars in 2021 [51] Traditional markets are only expected<br>[&amp;: iF 2% growth during the same time. Brick and mortar retailers are struggling because<br>ff | : ; of online retailer's ability to offer lower prices and higher efficiency. Many larger<br>Diy. | 28 ARISE $4] retailers are able to maintain a presence offline and online by linking physical and<br>A —— online offerings 52<br>Store closing flags outside a Toys R Usm ® | E-commerce allows customers to overcome geographical barriers and allows them<br>Deptford, New Jersey. Despite investments, the to purchase products anytime and from anywhere. Online and traditional markets<br>ce win market share inthe age of 26 different strategies for conducting business. Traditional retailers offer fewer<br>assortment of products because of shelf space where, online retailers often hold no<br>inventory but send customer orders directly to the manufacturer. The pricing<br>strategies are also different for traditional and online retailers. Traditional retailers base their prices on store traffic and the cost to<br>keep inventory. Online retailers base prices on the speed of delivery.<br>There are two ways for marketers to conduct business through e-commerce: fully online or online along with a brick and mortar store.<br>Online marketers can offer lower prices, greater product selection, and high efficiency rates. Many customers prefer online markets if<br>the products can be delivered quickly at relatively low price. However, online retailers cannot offer the physical experience that<br>traditional retailers can. It can be difficult to judge the quality of a product without the physical experience, which may cause<br>customers to experience product or seller uncertainty. Another issue regarding the online market is concerns about the security of<br>online transactions. Many customers remain loyal to well-known retailers because of this issue 53]<br>Security is a primary problem for e-commerce in developed and developing countries. E-commerce security is protecting businesses’<br>websites and customers from unauthorized access, use, alteration, or destruction. The type of threats include: malicious codes,<br>unwanted programs (ad ware, spyware), phishing, hacking, and cyber vandalism. E-commerce websites use different tools to avert<br>security threats. These tools include firewalls, encryption software, digital certificates, and passwords [ciation needed]<br>Impact on supply chain management<br>Main article: Supply chain management<br>For a long time, companies had been troubled by the gap between the benefits which supply chain technology has and the solutions<br>to deliver those benefits. However, the emergence of e-commerce has provided a more practical and effective way of delivering the<br>benefits of the new supply chain technologies [54]<br>E-commerce has the capability to integrate all inter-company and intra-company functions, meaning that the three flows (physical<br>flow, financial flow and information flow) of the supply chain could be also affected by e-commerce. The affections on physical flows<br>improved the way of product and inventory movement level for companies. For the information flows, ecommerce optimized the<br>capacity of information processing than companies used to have, and for the financial flows, e-commerce allows companies to have<br>more efficient payment and settlement solutions [54<br>In addition, e-commerce has a more sophisticated level of impact on supply chains: Firstly, the performance gap will be eliminated<br>since companies can identify gaps between different levels of supply chains by electronic means of solutions; Secondly, as a result of<br>e-commerce emergence, new capabilities such implementing ERP systems, like SAP ERP, Xero, or Megaventory, have helped<br>companies to manage operations with customers and suppliers. Yet these new capabilities are still not fully exploited. Thirdly,<br>technology companies would keep investing on new e-commerce software solutions as they are expecting investment return<br>Fourthly, e-commerce would help to solve many aspects of issues that companies may feel difficult to cope with, such as political<br>barriers or cross-country changes. Finally, e-commerce provides companies a more efficient and effective way to collaborate with<br>each other within the supply chain [54]<br>Impact on employment<br>E-commerce helps create new job opportunities due to information related services, software app and digital products. It also causes<br>job losses. The areas with the greatest predicted job-loss are retail, postal, and travel agencies. The development of e-commerce wil<br>create jobs that require highly skilled workers to manage large amounts of information, customer demands, and production<br>processes. In contrast, people with poor technical skills cannot enjoy the wages welfare. On the other hand, because e-commerce<br>requires sufficient stocks that could be delivered to customers in time, the warehouse becomes an important element. Warehouse<br>needs more staff to manage, supervise and organize, thus the condition of warehouse environment will be concerned by<br>employees [°°]<br>Impact on customers<br>E-commerce brings convenience for customers as they do not have to leave home and only need to browse websites online,<br>especially for buying products which are not sold in nearby shops. It could help customers buy a wider range of products and save<br>customers’ time. Consumers also gain power through online shopping. They are able to research products and compare prices<br>among retailers. Thanks to the practice of user-generated ratings and reviews from companies like Bazaarvoice, Trustpilot, and Yelp,<br>customers can also see what other people think of a product, and decide before buying if they want to spend money on it [56157] Also,<br>online shopping often provides sales promotion or discounts code, thus it is more price effective for customers. Moreover, e-<br>commerce provides products’ detailed information; even the in-store staff cannot offer such detailed explanation. Customers can also<br>review and track the order history online<br>E-commerce technologies cut transaction costs by allowing both manufactures and consumers to skip through the intermediaries<br>This is achieved through by extending the search area best price deals and by group purchase. The success of e-commerce in urban<br>and regional levels depend on how the local firms and consumers have adopted to e-commerce [58]<br>However, e-commerce lacks human interaction for customers, especially who prefer face-to-face connection. Customers are also<br>concerned with the security of online transactions and tend to remain loyal to well-known retailers. In recent years, clothing retailers<br>such as Tommy Hilfiger have started adding Virtual Fit platforms to their e-commerce sites to reduce the risk of customers buying the<br>wrong sized clothes, although these vary greatly in their fit for purpose °° When the customer regret the purchase of a product, it<br>involves returning goods and refunding process. This process is inconvenient as customers need to pack and post the goods. If the<br>products are expensive, large or fragile, it refers to safety issues [52<br>Impact on the environment<br>In 2018, E-commerce generated 1.3 million short tons (1.2 megatonnes) of container cardboard in North America, an increase from<br>1.1 million (1.00) in 2017. Only 35 percent of North American cardboard manufacturing capacity is from recycled content. The<br>recycling rate in Europe is 80 percent and Asia is 93 percent. Amazon, the largest user of boxes, has a strategy to cut back on<br>packing material and has reduced packaging material used by 19 percent by weight since 2016. Amazon is requiring retailers to<br>manufacture their product packaging in a way that does not require additional shipping packaging. Amazon also has an 85-person<br>team researching ways to reduce and improve their packaging and shipping materials [0<br>Accelerated movement of packages around the world includes accelerated movement of living things, with all its attendant risks [61]<br>Weeds, pests, and diseases all sometimes travel in packages of seeds [87] Some of these packages are part of brushing manipulation<br>of e-commerce reviews. [57]<br>Impact on traditional retail<br>E-commerce has been cited as a major force for the failure of major U.S. retailers in a trend frequently referred to as a "retail<br>apocalypse "162 The rise of e-commerce outlets like Amazon has made it harder for traditional retailers to attract customers to their<br>stores and forced companies to change their sales strategies. Many companies have turned to sales promotions and increased digital<br>efforts to lure shoppers while shutting down brick-and-mortar locations [83 The trend has forced some traditional retailers to shutter its<br>brick and mortar operations [4<br>E-commerce during COVID-19<br>Further information: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic<br>In March 2020, global retail website traffic hit 14.3 billion visits] signifying an unprecedented growth of e-commerce during the<br>lockdown of 2020. Later studies show that online sales increased by 25% and online grocery shopping increased by over 100%<br>during the crisis in the United States [5] Meanwhile, as many as 29% of surveyed shoppers state that they will never go back to<br>shopping in person again; in the UK, 43% of consumers state that they expect to keep on shopping the same way even after the<br>lockdown is over.57]<br>Retail sales of e-commerce shows that COVID-19 has a significant impact on e-commerce and its sales are expected to reach $6.5<br>trillion by 2023 [68]<br>Business application<br>Some common applications related to electronic commerce are: a)<br>« B2B e-commerce (business-to-business) ==<br>« B2C e-commerce (business-to-consumer) d5y<br>+ Conversational commerce: e-commerce via chat = ®<br>« Digital Wallet I<br>« Document automation in supply chain and logistics 150<br>« Electronic tickets =<br>« Enterprise content management ren 2 A)<br>« Group buying r————<br>« Instant messaging An example of an older =<br>« Internet security generation of avatar-style<br>automated online assistant on<br>« Online auction a merchandising website<br>« Online banking<br>« Online office sites<br>« Online shopping and order tracking<br>« Online transaction processing<br>« Pretail<br>« Print on demand<br>